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MGS |
| Launched on November 7, 1996. is a backup of failed Mars Observer. |
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Magellan |
| Launched on May 4, 1989: currently the last probe to Venus: made radar map of 99% of the Venusian surface at 300 m resolution. |
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Mariner |
| The Mariner Mars spacecraft were the first US space probes to orbit Mars. The primary objectives of the Mariner Venus-Mercury mission were to conduct initial explorations of the planet Mercury while also making similar measurements of the planet Venus during the probe's gravity-assist flyby enroute to Mercury. |
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Mars Pathfinder |
| Launched on December 3, 1996: the probe successfully delivered a lander and a rover to the Martian surface on July 4, 1997. |
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Venera |
| Russian program of studying Venus by means of autonomous stations. 16 probes launched between 1961 and 1983. |
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Vega |
| Mission of two Soviet spacecraft to Venus and then to comet Halley. The first probe was launched on December 15, 1984, the second one - on December 21, 1984. Made the first images of a comet at a close distance (~10,000 km) which were in particular used to target Giotto (ESA) to a much closer (~500 km) fly by comet Halley. |
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Pioneer 12-13 |
| Pioneer Venus Orbiter, launched 20 May 1978, was designed to perform long-term observations of the Venusian atmosphere and surface features. Pioneer Venus Multiprobe, launched 8 August 1978 carried 4 probes designed to perform atmospheric measurements. |
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Viking |
| Primary mission objectives were to obtain images of the Martian surface, examine the composition of the atmosphere and surface, and search for evidence of life. Two spacecraft, Viking 1 and Viking 2 were launched on August 20 and September 9, 1975 correspondingly. |
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